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gaussian mixture models (gmms) with the expectation-maximization algorithm (fitgmdist function in matlab 2020b)  (MathWorks Inc)


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    MathWorks Inc gaussian mixture models (gmms) with the expectation-maximization algorithm (fitgmdist function in matlab 2020b)
    Gaussian Mixture Models (Gmms) With The Expectation Maximization Algorithm (Fitgmdist Function In Matlab 2020b), supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    (A) The downstroke / upstroke phase ratio vs . instantaneous flap frequency distribution for individual wingbeats of five birds. A phase ratio of 1 indicates up- and downstrokes of equal duration, values <1 indicate longer upstrokes, values >1 longer downstrokes. Normalized bimodal <t>Gaussian</t> fits are shown for flap frequency (top) and for downstroke / upstroke time ratios (right). The bird-specific bimodal distribution parameters for the flapping frequency are: 2dg: μ 1 = 9.78, σ 1 = 1 . 61 , μ 2 = 17.26, σ 2 = 1 . 01 ; 2lg: μ 1 = 10.26, σ 1 = 1 . 83 , μ 2 = 18.14, σ 2 = 0 . 91 ; 2y: μ 1 = 9.39, σ 1 = 1 . 1 , μ 2 = 17.19, σ 2 = 0 . 86 ; 1y: μ 1 = 8.97, σ 1 = 0 . 6 , μ 2 = 15.76, σ 2 = 0 . 96 ; 3g: μ 1 = 9.49, σ 1 = 2 . 3 , μ 2 = 16.72, σ 2 = 1 ; For downstroke / upstroke periods the obtained bimodal distribution parameters are: 2dg: μ 1 = 0.5, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 2lg: μ 1 = 0.56, σ 1 = 0.13, μ 2 = 1.43, σ 2 = 0.17; 2y: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 1y: μ 1 = 0.62, σ 1 = 0.09, μ 2 = 1.49, σ 2 = 0.17; 3g: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.12, μ 2 = 1.3, σ 2 = 0.17. The horizontal gray line separates the bimodal distributions at a downstroke / upstroke ratio of 0.94 (average midpoint between bimodal distribution peaks among birds). The vertical gray line separates the bimodal distribution at a flap frequency of 13.3 Hz (average among birds); n = 697 wing beats, N = 5 birds. Due to the 2000 fps sample frequency, and the fact that wingbeat, downstroke, and upstroke time are all integer values measured in number of frames, the data appear in a raster and can overlap precisely among wings beats, flights and birds. (B) The normalized saccade distributions illustrate when a saccade was started and ended during the downstroke vs . the upstroke phase. Shown is the average across birds (solid lines) and the standard deviation (shaded area). Binning: 0:10:100; n = 72 saccades, N = 5 birds.
    Gaussian Mixture Models Algorithm (Gmm), supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    (A) The downstroke / upstroke phase ratio vs . instantaneous flap frequency distribution for individual wingbeats of five birds. A phase ratio of 1 indicates up- and downstrokes of equal duration, values <1 indicate longer upstrokes, values >1 longer downstrokes. Normalized bimodal <t>Gaussian</t> fits are shown for flap frequency (top) and for downstroke / upstroke time ratios (right). The bird-specific bimodal distribution parameters for the flapping frequency are: 2dg: μ 1 = 9.78, σ 1 = 1 . 61 , μ 2 = 17.26, σ 2 = 1 . 01 ; 2lg: μ 1 = 10.26, σ 1 = 1 . 83 , μ 2 = 18.14, σ 2 = 0 . 91 ; 2y: μ 1 = 9.39, σ 1 = 1 . 1 , μ 2 = 17.19, σ 2 = 0 . 86 ; 1y: μ 1 = 8.97, σ 1 = 0 . 6 , μ 2 = 15.76, σ 2 = 0 . 96 ; 3g: μ 1 = 9.49, σ 1 = 2 . 3 , μ 2 = 16.72, σ 2 = 1 ; For downstroke / upstroke periods the obtained bimodal distribution parameters are: 2dg: μ 1 = 0.5, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 2lg: μ 1 = 0.56, σ 1 = 0.13, μ 2 = 1.43, σ 2 = 0.17; 2y: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 1y: μ 1 = 0.62, σ 1 = 0.09, μ 2 = 1.49, σ 2 = 0.17; 3g: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.12, μ 2 = 1.3, σ 2 = 0.17. The horizontal gray line separates the bimodal distributions at a downstroke / upstroke ratio of 0.94 (average midpoint between bimodal distribution peaks among birds). The vertical gray line separates the bimodal distribution at a flap frequency of 13.3 Hz (average among birds); n = 697 wing beats, N = 5 birds. Due to the 2000 fps sample frequency, and the fact that wingbeat, downstroke, and upstroke time are all integer values measured in number of frames, the data appear in a raster and can overlap precisely among wings beats, flights and birds. (B) The normalized saccade distributions illustrate when a saccade was started and ended during the downstroke vs . the upstroke phase. Shown is the average across birds (solid lines) and the standard deviation (shaded area). Binning: 0:10:100; n = 72 saccades, N = 5 birds.
    Gaussian Mixture Model Algorithm Gmm, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    (A) The downstroke / upstroke phase ratio vs . instantaneous flap frequency distribution for individual wingbeats of five birds. A phase ratio of 1 indicates up- and downstrokes of equal duration, values <1 indicate longer upstrokes, values >1 longer downstrokes. Normalized bimodal Gaussian fits are shown for flap frequency (top) and for downstroke / upstroke time ratios (right). The bird-specific bimodal distribution parameters for the flapping frequency are: 2dg: μ 1 = 9.78, σ 1 = 1 . 61 , μ 2 = 17.26, σ 2 = 1 . 01 ; 2lg: μ 1 = 10.26, σ 1 = 1 . 83 , μ 2 = 18.14, σ 2 = 0 . 91 ; 2y: μ 1 = 9.39, σ 1 = 1 . 1 , μ 2 = 17.19, σ 2 = 0 . 86 ; 1y: μ 1 = 8.97, σ 1 = 0 . 6 , μ 2 = 15.76, σ 2 = 0 . 96 ; 3g: μ 1 = 9.49, σ 1 = 2 . 3 , μ 2 = 16.72, σ 2 = 1 ; For downstroke / upstroke periods the obtained bimodal distribution parameters are: 2dg: μ 1 = 0.5, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 2lg: μ 1 = 0.56, σ 1 = 0.13, μ 2 = 1.43, σ 2 = 0.17; 2y: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 1y: μ 1 = 0.62, σ 1 = 0.09, μ 2 = 1.49, σ 2 = 0.17; 3g: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.12, μ 2 = 1.3, σ 2 = 0.17. The horizontal gray line separates the bimodal distributions at a downstroke / upstroke ratio of 0.94 (average midpoint between bimodal distribution peaks among birds). The vertical gray line separates the bimodal distribution at a flap frequency of 13.3 Hz (average among birds); n = 697 wing beats, N = 5 birds. Due to the 2000 fps sample frequency, and the fact that wingbeat, downstroke, and upstroke time are all integer values measured in number of frames, the data appear in a raster and can overlap precisely among wings beats, flights and birds. (B) The normalized saccade distributions illustrate when a saccade was started and ended during the downstroke vs . the upstroke phase. Shown is the average across birds (solid lines) and the standard deviation (shaded area). Binning: 0:10:100; n = 72 saccades, N = 5 birds.

    Journal: PLoS ONE

    Article Title: How Lovebirds Maneuver Rapidly Using Super-Fast Head Saccades and Image Feature Stabilization

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129287

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The downstroke / upstroke phase ratio vs . instantaneous flap frequency distribution for individual wingbeats of five birds. A phase ratio of 1 indicates up- and downstrokes of equal duration, values <1 indicate longer upstrokes, values >1 longer downstrokes. Normalized bimodal Gaussian fits are shown for flap frequency (top) and for downstroke / upstroke time ratios (right). The bird-specific bimodal distribution parameters for the flapping frequency are: 2dg: μ 1 = 9.78, σ 1 = 1 . 61 , μ 2 = 17.26, σ 2 = 1 . 01 ; 2lg: μ 1 = 10.26, σ 1 = 1 . 83 , μ 2 = 18.14, σ 2 = 0 . 91 ; 2y: μ 1 = 9.39, σ 1 = 1 . 1 , μ 2 = 17.19, σ 2 = 0 . 86 ; 1y: μ 1 = 8.97, σ 1 = 0 . 6 , μ 2 = 15.76, σ 2 = 0 . 96 ; 3g: μ 1 = 9.49, σ 1 = 2 . 3 , μ 2 = 16.72, σ 2 = 1 ; For downstroke / upstroke periods the obtained bimodal distribution parameters are: 2dg: μ 1 = 0.5, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 2lg: μ 1 = 0.56, σ 1 = 0.13, μ 2 = 1.43, σ 2 = 0.17; 2y: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.07, μ 2 = 1.26, σ 2 = 0.27; 1y: μ 1 = 0.62, σ 1 = 0.09, μ 2 = 1.49, σ 2 = 0.17; 3g: μ 1 = 0.48, σ 1 = 0.12, μ 2 = 1.3, σ 2 = 0.17. The horizontal gray line separates the bimodal distributions at a downstroke / upstroke ratio of 0.94 (average midpoint between bimodal distribution peaks among birds). The vertical gray line separates the bimodal distribution at a flap frequency of 13.3 Hz (average among birds); n = 697 wing beats, N = 5 birds. Due to the 2000 fps sample frequency, and the fact that wingbeat, downstroke, and upstroke time are all integer values measured in number of frames, the data appear in a raster and can overlap precisely among wings beats, flights and birds. (B) The normalized saccade distributions illustrate when a saccade was started and ended during the downstroke vs . the upstroke phase. Shown is the average across birds (solid lines) and the standard deviation (shaded area). Binning: 0:10:100; n = 72 saccades, N = 5 birds.

    Article Snippet: Wingbeat and downstroke / upstroke periods were analyzed for bimodal distributions using the Gaussian mixture models algorithm (GMM) of the MATLAB statistics toolbox.

    Techniques: Standard Deviation